Title : Transactional and Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/Developmental Analysis Authors : Kuhnert, Karl W., Lewis, Philip Publication Title : Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review. Briarcliff Manor: Oct 1987. Vol. 12, Iss. 4; pg. 648, 10 pgs Abstract : - Transactional leadership & Transformational leadership are clarified and extended through a constructive/developmental theory that explains how critical personality differences in leaders result in either transactional or transformational leadership styles. - 2 levels of transactions can be identified: 1. higher order transactional leadership, which relies on the exchange of nonconcrete rewards to maintain followers' performance, and 2. lower order transactions, which depend on leaders' control of resources. - Kegan has described 6 developmental stages, and 3 of these are characteristic of the level of interpersonal understanding of most adults. - These 3 are described showing the organizing process (subject) and the content of that process (object)...